1. Copper Anode: The starting material for copper refining is the impure copper anode, which contains various impurities like sulfur, oxygen, and other metals.
2. Electrolytic Cell: The electrolytic cell is the main apparatus used in the copper refining process. It consists of multiple electrolytic tanks arranged in series. Each tank contains an anode and a cathode made of pure copper.
3. Electrolyte: The electrolyte used in copper refining is a solution containing copper sulfate (CuSO4) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4). The electrolyte serves as the medium for the ionic transfer during electrolysis.
4. Power Supply: A direct current (DC) power supply is connected to the electrolytic cell to provide the electrical energy required for the refining process.
5. Cathode: The cathode is a pure copper sheet that is placed parallel to the anode in the electrolytic cell. The refined copper is deposited on the cathode during electrolysis.
6. Anode Bags: Anode bags are fabric bags that enclose the copper anodes. They help contain impurities released from the anode during the process.
7. Cooling System: The electrolytic process generates heat, so a cooling system is essential to maintain the desired temperature within the electrolytic cells.
8. Purification Facilities: As the impurities from the anode dissolve into the electrolyte, periodic purification steps are carried out to remove these impurities. This may involve precipitation, filtration, or solvent extraction processes.
9. Casting Machines: After refining, the purified molten copper is cast into desired shapes using casting machines. The most common casting methods include continuous casting and vertical casting.
These are the main components involved in the copper refining process, but additional auxiliary equipment and systems may also be used depending on the specific configuration and requirements of the refinery.