* Maps: Maps are one of the most important tools for geographers. They can be used to represent the Earth's surface, or parts of it, in a two-dimensional format. Maps can show a variety of information, such as the distribution of land and water, the location of cities and towns, and the elevation of the land.
* Geographic Information Systems (GIS): GIS is a computer-based system that allows geographers to store, analyze, and display geographic data. GIS can be used to create maps, as well as to perform spatial analysis. Spatial analysis is the process of analyzing the relationships between different geographic features.
* Remote sensing: Remote sensing is the process of collecting information about the Earth from a distance. This can be done using a variety of sensors, such as cameras, radar, and lidar. Remote sensing can be used to collect information about the Earth's surface, the atmosphere, and the oceans.
* Fieldwork: Fieldwork is an essential part of geography. Geographers often travel to different locations to collect data and observe the landscape. Fieldwork can be used to study a variety of topics, such as the distribution of plants and animals, the effects of climate change, and the impact of human activity on the environment.
In addition to these tools, geographers also use a variety of other resources, such as books, articles, and websites. Geographers often collaborate with other scientists, such as geologists, biologists, and economists, to gain a better understanding of the Earth and its features.